Can star cluster collisions create the massive black holes powering mysterious galaxies?

Computer simulations of dense star clusters show that when stars collide repeatedly, they can grow into objects 10,000 times the Sun's mass with extreme rotation. When these ultra-massive stars collapse, they become intermediate-mass black holes surrounded by thick disks of gas—exactly the kind of system that could produce the bright gravitational wave detections GW190521 and GW231123, and possibly the mysterious "Little Red Dots" seen in early galaxies.