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Which gravitational waves actually carry spinning energy away from black holes?

S. C. Ulhoa, F. L. Carneiro, B. C. C. Carneiro

May 22, 2026

Perturbing a Bardeen regular black hole (a singularity-free alternative to the standard Kerr/Schwarzschild solutions) and tracking the angular momentum carried away by gravitational waves reveals a sharp selection rule: only even-numbered wave modes (quadrupole, hexadecapole…) transport spin, while odd modes contribute nothing. The calculation uses the teleparallel formulation of general relativity to get a clean closed-form expression. This multipolar filter could leave a detectable imprint on gravitational-wave signals from regular black holes versus singular ones.
Published as On the Gravitational Angular Momentum of Axial Perturbations of a Regular Black Hole arXiv:2605.23711
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