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Gravity and symmetry together demand a complete particle menu

Francesco Calisto, Clifford Cheung, Grant N. Remmen, Francesco Sciotti, Michele Tarquini

May 19, 2026

Gravitational scattering amplitudes at high energy obey a universal behavior independent of particle charge, a requirement that follows from the equivalence principle. This constraint forces the theory to include particles in all irreducible representations of its symmetry group. Surprisingly, all these required states interact with equal strength, suggesting gravity acts as a completeness check on what particles must exist.
Published as The Equivalence Principle at High Energies Completes the Spectrum arXiv:2605.20319
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