Can gluons inside protons explain cosmic gamma-ray patterns?

This review connects two distant physics domains through gluon condensation—the clustering of gluons at extreme density. The authors show how nonlinear evolution equations predict gluons aggregate near a critical momentum, creating a dense strongly interacting state. This microstructure change should leave a measurable fingerprint: a broken power law in cosmic gamma-ray spectra, offering a new way to probe proton structure using space-based observations.