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Why do cooperators cluster together across multiple social dimensions?

Zijie Chen, Xingru Chen, Feng Fu

May 29, 2026

When organisms interact across multiple networks simultaneously (think work, family, friendship), cooperation evolves differently than in single networks. The researchers show that phenotypic diversity—visible traits that make similar individuals prefer interacting—naturally partitions populations into cooperative niches, following predictable mathematical rules. This explains why real-world cooperation patterns depend less on random mixing and more on who chooses to associate with whom.
Published as Evolution of cooperation in the multiplex arXiv:2606.00196
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